1.2 Language

​Language is a uniquely human system of communication that employs conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written symbols to express thoughts, emotions, and desires. Its origins have been a subject of extensive speculation, with theories ranging from gradual evolutionary development to sudden emergence. Despite the diversity of theories, language is recognized as an evolutionary phenomenon continually adapted for the communicative purposes of its speakers.​Britannica+1Universitas Batna 2+1Wikipedia

Characteristics of Language

  1. Systematic Structure: Language operates under a set of rules governing sounds, word formations, and sentence structures, ensuring coherent communication. ​

  2. Arbitrariness: There is no inherent connection between linguistic signs and their meanings; associations are established by social convention. ​Eduhalt

  3. Vocal-Auditory Channel: Primarily, language is transmitted through speech sounds perceived by hearing, though it can also be expressed through writing and sign languages. ​

  4. Semanticity: Language conveys specific meanings through established symbols, allowing precise communication of ideas and concepts. ​

  5. Productivity (Creativity): Users can generate and understand an infinite number of sentences, including those never heard before, demonstrating the generative capacity of language. ​

  6. Displacement: Language enables discussion of objects, events, and concepts beyond the immediate temporal and spatial context, such as past events or hypothetical scenarios. ​

  7. Cultural Transmission: Language is learned socially within communities, passed down from generation to generation, reflecting cultural norms and values. ​

  8. Duality of Patterning: Meaningful messages are constructed from smaller, meaningless units (e.g., sounds), which combine to form words and sentences. ​

  9. Variability: Language exhibits variations across different social groups, regions, and contexts, leading to dialects, sociolects, and idiolects. ​AIU Courses

  10. Identity Marker: Language serves as a marker of social identity, uniting individuals within a nation or community and distinguishing them from others. ​

Functions of Language

Language fulfills several functions, including communication, expression of identity, imaginative expression, and emotional release. Its adaptability and complexity have been central to human development, enabling the sharing of knowledge, coordination of activities, and the establishment of societies.​Britannica

For a comprehensive understanding of language and its characteristics, refer to the following resources:


Last modified: Thursday, 6 March 2025, 11:29 AM