2025/1 Translation

1. Meaning components are packaged into lexical items, but they are packaged differently in one language than in another. Anak-anak  many children Ular-ular (Javanese)  long and boring speech given during a wedding reception by an elderly man to give advices of marriage life to the newlywed couple 2. The same meaning will occur in several surface structure lexical items (forms). In English, the word sheep occurs. However, the words lamb (young), ram (adult male sheep), and ewe (adult female sheep) also include the meaning of sheep. In Huambisa (Peru), lamb would be translated by ‘sheep its child”, ram by “sheep big”, and ewe by “sheep its woman”. In Indonesian, lamb would be translated by ‘anak domba”, ram by “domba jantan”, and ewe by “domba betina”. 3. One form will be used to represent several alternative meanings. The word run may have more than 50 meanings. Most words have more than one meaning. There will be a primary meaning – the one which usually comes to mind when the word is said in isolation – and secondary meanings – the additional meanings which a word has in context with other words. In English, we can say the boy runs, using run in its primary meaning. We can also say the motor runs, the river runs, and his nose runs, using run in secondary senses, i.e. with different meanings. In Indonesian, those sentences mean anak itu berlari, mesinnya jalan, air sungai mengalir, dan hidungnya meler. 4. The same grammatical pattern may express several quite different meanings. For example, the English possessive phrase my house may mean ‘the house I own’, ‘the house I rent’, ‘the house I live in’, ‘the house I built’ or ‘the house for which I drew up the plans.’ Only the larger context determines the meaning. My car My foot My singing My book ownership part of my body actor activity (I sing) ownership or authorship (the book I own or the book I wrote) My village My brother My train Residence (the village where I live) kinship use (the train I ride on) 5. Whole sentences may also have several functions. a question form may be used for a nonquestion. For example, the question “Mary, why don’t you wash the dishes?” has the form of a question, and may in some context be asking for information, but it is often used with the meaning of command (or suggestion), rather than a real question. 6. A single meaning may be expressed in a variety of forms. For example, the meaning ‘the cat is black’ may be expressed by the following: the cat is black, the black cat, and the cat, which is black. In addition, the meanings of “Is this place taken?”, “Is there anyone sitting here?”, and “May I sit here?” are essentially the same. Take a look at these: Others blamed John because of his difficulty. Others blamed John for the difficulty. Others blamed the difficulty on John. Others said John was responsible for the difficulty. Others accused John of being responsible for the difficulty.